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Working memory training is intended to improve a person's working memory. Working memory is a central intellectual faculty, linked to IQageingand mental health. Yet, the study results differ with regard to conclusive evidence that such effects can be maintained long-term without additional follow-up training.
There is also no convincing evidence of the effect of working memory training to other skills such as nonverbal and verbal ability, inhibitory processes in attention, word decoding, research paper on aging parents d1, and arithmetic, research paper on aging parents d1.
While most studies show clinical relevance of working memory training programs for ADHD population, they cast doubt that these program should be considered as methods of enhancing cognitive functioning in children and adults without working memory deficiencies. Working memory WM is the system which holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind — information that is needed for different tasks right now.
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that it is the storage and manipulation of information, while short-term is solely the storage of information in a readily available state. Therefore short-term memory is a component of working memory. For example, a person might be asked research paper on aging parents d1 listen to a series of digits and letters, sort them into order in mind, and then recall the sorted list aloud.
The longest set of characters that can reliably be manipulated and recalled is the working memory capacity. The capacity of working memory differs between research paper on aging parents d1 a person able to recall 8 instructions has a greater working memory capacity than someone who can only recall a series of five.
Numerous scientific studies have linked working memory capacity with strength in other fundamental cognitive abilities, including attention and intelligence. Working memory training tasks are conducted on computers and are often paired with positive reinforcementfeedback of the individual's research paper on aging parents d1, [7] and other motivational features such as displaying the individual's current score beside their personal best score.
If the individual does poorer on one trial, research paper on aging parents d1, the difficulty will decrease. Similarly, if the individual excels on the next few trials, the difficulty will increase, research paper on aging parents d1. Two ways of altering the difficulty are adjusting the number of stimuli to be remembered and adding visual distractions. Common strategies used in working memory training include repetition of the tasks, giving feedback such as tips to improve one's performance to both the parents and the individual, positive reinforcement from those conducting the study as well as parents through praise and rewarding, [7] and the gradual adjustment of the task difficulty from trial to trial.
More explicitly used strategies by the individual include rehearsal of material, chunkingpairing mental images with the material, mnemonicsand other research paper on aging parents d1 strategies. Before training commences participants complete pre-training verbal and visuo-spatial tasks, which are additionally completed in the study's follow-up as post-training tasks.
Pre-training and post-training tasks vary, some studies use verbal and visuo-spatial tasks along with slightly different tasks; referred to as "nontrained tasks. Holmes et al. By using tasks that differ from ones in the study, laboratory results can demonstrate transfer effects if high scores are achieved, since these were not learned during training. The training itself is set up in studies so that participants attend a set number of sessions over a given period of time that widely varies between studies, research paper on aging parents d1.
This can vary anywhere from two weeks to a span of eight weeks. The time spent in sessions also ranges, research paper on aging parents d1, with some studies being as short as fifteen minutes to other studies lasting forty minutes, research paper on aging parents d1. Studies can take place in the lab, or even at home with researchers keeping in touch through weekly phone calls. The effects are tested immediately after training is completed and again a few months after, or even up to a year later, to see if the research paper on aging parents d1 outcomes are still in place.
Testing and evaluation can be based on the measures of academic efficiency, ratings of the individual's symptoms from teachers and parents, comparing the experimental to the control groups of the study, and self-report measures. There are many possible transfer effects from working memory training. An increase in working memory capacity could make individuals more likely to take on tasks that have a higher working memory load, such as math and other challenging academics.
Furthermore, there has been parent reported decreases of inattentive behaviours, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD, [13] in addition to a decrease in motor activity. A meta-analysis into 30 studies assessing the effects of various Working Memory Training found that WM training has short term reliable effects but the effectiveness in the long term is limited.
The main general finding in these studies confirms that experimental groups improve on trained tasks in comparison to control groups, and that effects will need retraining to maintain.
Along with reported decreases of inattentive behaviours, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD, a pilot study done on adults after experiencing a stroke found that systematic working memory training can improve working memory and attention. This study also contained a self-rating on symptoms of cognitive failures both before and after the study. Eight out of the nine participants that completed the study reported less cognitive failures occurring in the post-study rating compared to prior to the study.
Overall, the pilot study concludes that working memory training in adult patients that have previously had a stroke can both improve their cognitive function as measured by neuropsychological tests as well as improvements in subjective reports of cognitive failures.
Studies have also research paper on aging parents d1 that working memory training can possibly help to improve deficits in working memory caused by anxiety and depression disorders, especially in adolescents.
A trial study tested the WM of adolescent participants, randomly assigning them to an active or placebo emotional working memory training. Emotional stimuli was used as the best way to see results because of the major influence anxiety and depression disorders have on emotional regulation.
After 4 weeks of bi-weekly training, results showed improvements in working memory, both short-term and long-term emotional functioning, and even an increase in self esteem among the active group. While improvements in WM were observed in both groups, there were many limitations and further research is still needed to produce training that will create long term effects in those who suffer from mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, research paper on aging parents d1.
Although some studies published have argued that working memory training has the ability to improve overall intelligence, more recent literature suggests that working memory training does not transfer to other cognitive ability tests.
It also suggests that the conclusions drawn in the previous studies are a result of design limitations, mixed results, and a lack of theoretical grounding. A paper that evaluated all previous literature on working memory training noted that not a single study had concurrently controlled for "motivation, commitment, and difficulty" in both the experimental and control groups.
The concept of working memory became widely accepted and its importance better understood across the s. At this time, a number of attempts to improve working memory were also initiated. While his capacity on this trained task had improved, his working memory: the ability to store information, as described research paper on aging parents d1 had not. This was most clearly demonstrated when, asked to repeat letters instead of numbers, this same student with over hrs of practice at recalling digits could recall only six letters at a research paper on aging parents d1 a normal to below average performance.
The effect of the training was not to improve the working memory system but to change the information being stored: the student had learned multiple methods of grouping numbers and relating them to similar figures already in his long-term memory. In reality, his working memory capacity had not increased. This study and others like it contributed to the prevailing assumption in the scientific community that working memory is a set characteristic that cannot be improved.
Many clinical studies published in s and s claim that working memory training is an efficient strategy for mitigating effects of ADHD and other cognitive disorders. Georgia Institute of Technology researchers who reviewed 17 studies on WMT concluded that "the results are inconsistent" due to the fact that many studies had "inadequate controls" as well as "ineffective measurement of the cognitive abilities of interest.
Ina systematic meta-analytic review was undertaken. All studies had to have a treatment and a treated or untreated control group. By this time, some twenty-three studies met these criteria, including both clinical samples of typically developing children and adults.
The results closely replicated the original finding by Ericcson et al. While the results were conclusive for ADHD population, there was no convincing evidence for transfer or generalization effects indicating improved capacity in typically developing children and healthy adults. Other researchers have studied the effects of training on children with attention issues. Among them are NYU[28] [29] and the University of York. The results were not reported.
Moreover, research at the Wallenberg Neuroscience Center in Sweden indicates that working memory training may decrease hippocampal neurogenesis. When experimental medical scientists trained adult male rats in a working memory task for 4 or 14 days, rats trained for two weeks had fewer newborn hippocampal neurons than those that were only trained for 4 days.
The report suggests that increased stresscaused by an intense training of working memory, can reduce the production of hippocampal neurons. Lack of credible evidence of efficacy is increasingly highlighted in popular media. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Main article: Working memory. A Meta-Analytic Review". Dev Psychol. CiteSeerX doi : PMID Bibcode : SchpJ Psychol Bull. Trends Cogn. S2CID Br J Educ Psychol. Applied Cognitive Psychology. Psychology and Aging.
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. ISSN Experimental Psychology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. July Developmental Science. A Meta-Analytic Review" PDF. Developmental Psychology. Retrieved 26 March Psychol Sci. Brain Injury. Leone Australian Journal of Psychology. PMC Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory".
Am J Ment Defic. Bibcode : Sci
AGEUcational - Assisting Aging Parents with Teresa Moerer
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