BHB stands for Bar Hbr Bankshares Learn everything an expat should know about managing finances in Germany, including bank accounts, paying taxes, getting insurance and investing We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more
Arabs - Wikipedia
In modern usage, the term "Arabs" tends to refer to those whose native language is Arabic and identify as such. In a source that compares Arabs in Europe to other socioethnic groups, Arabs are referred to as a socioethnic group. The first mention of Arabs appeared in the mid-9th century BCE, as a tribal people in Eastern dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd Southern Syria and the northern Arabian Peninsula.
Arab tribesmost notably the Ghassanids and Lakhmidsbegan to in the Southern Syrian Desert from the mid 3rd century CE onward, during the mid to later stages of the Roman and Sasanian empires. Before the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate — C. These cultural and demographic influences resulted in the subsequent Arabisation of the indigenous populations. The Arabs forged the Rashidun —Umayyad —Abbasid — and the Fatimid — caliphates, whose borders reached Southern France in the west, China in the east, Anatolia in the north and the Sudan in the south.
This was one of the largest land empires in history. Today, Arabs primarily inhabit the 22 member states of the Arab League. The Arab world stretches around 13 million km 2from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. People of non-Arab ethnicities associated with non-Arabic languages also live in these countries, sometimes as a majority.
These include SomalisKurdsBerbersthe Afar peopleNubians and others. Beyond the boundaries of the League of Arab States, Arabs can also be found in the global diaspora. Arabs are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. In the pre-Islamic era, most Arabs followed polytheistic religions.
Some tribes had adopted Christianity or Judaism and a few individuals, the hanifsapparently observed another form of monotheism. Arab Christians generally follow one of the Eastern Christian Churchessuch as those within the Oriental Orthodox dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltdEastern Catholic churchesor Eastern Protestant churches, dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd. Christian minorities in Arab-majority states may also not consider themselves Arab, such as Copts and Assyrians.
Other smaller minority religions also exist, such as the DruzeZoroastrianism and the Baháʼí Faith. Arabs have greatly influenced and contributed to diverse fields, notably the arts and architecture, languagephilosophymythology, ethicsliterature, politics, business, music, dance, cinemadissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltdscience and technology in ancient and modern history.
The earliest documented use of the word Arab in reference to a people appears in the Kurkh Monolithsan Akkadian-language record of the Assyrian conquest of Aram 9th century BCE. The Monoliths used the term to refer to Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula under King Gindibuwho fought as dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd of a coalition opposed to Assyria. The related word ʾaʿrāb is used to refer to Bedouins today, in contrast to ʿarab which refers to Arabs in general.
The term ʿarab 'Arab' occurs also in the titles of the Himyarite kings from the time of 'Abu Karab Asad until MadiKarib Ya'fur. According to Sabaean grammar, the term ʾaʿrāb is derived from the term ʿarab. The term is also mentioned in Quranic verses, referring to people who were living in Madina and it might be a south Arabian loanword into Quranic language, dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd.
The oldest surviving indication of an Arab national identity is an inscription made in an archaic form of Arabic in CE using the Nabataean alphabetwhich refers to Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr as 'King of all the Arabs'.
Other Ancient-Greek historians like AgatharchidesDiodorus Siculus and Strabo mention Arabs living in Mesopotamia along the Euphratesin Egypt the Sinai and the Red Seasouthern Jordan the Nabataeansthe Syrian steppe and in eastern Arabia the people of Gerrha. Inscriptions dating to the 6th century BCE in Yemen include the term 'Arab'. The most popular Arab account holds that the word Arab came from an eponymous father named Ya'rubwho was supposedly the first to speak Arabic.
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani had another view; he states that Arabs were called gharab 'westerners' by Mesopotamians because Bedouins originally resided to the west of Mesopotamia; the term was then corrupted into arab. Yet another view is held by al-Masudi that the word Arab was initially applied to the Ishmaelites of the Arabah valley.
In Biblical etymology, Arab Hebrew: arvi comes from the desert origin of the Bedouins it originally described arava means 'wilderness'. The root ʿ-r-b has several additional meanings in Semitic languages—including 'west, sunset', 'desert', dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd, 'mingle', 'mixed', 'merchant' and 'raven'—and are "comprehensible" with all of these having varying degrees of relevance to the emergence of the name.
It is also possible that some forms were metathetical from ʿ-B-R'moving around' Arabic: ʿ-B-R'traverse' and hence, it is alleged, 'nomadic'. Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to the rise of Islam in the s, dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd.
The study of Pre-Islamic Arabia is important to Islamic studies as it provides the context for the development of Islam. Some of the settled communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations. Sources for these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars.
Among the most prominent civilizations was Dilmunwhich arose around the 4th millennium BCE and lasted to BCE, and Thamudwhich arose around the 1st millennium BCE and lasted to about CE. According to Arab- Islamic-Jewish traditionsIshmael was father of the Arabs, dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd, to be the ancestor of the Ishmaelites. The first written attestation of the ethnonym Arab occurs in an Assyrian inscription of BCE, where Shalmaneser III lists a King Gindibu of mâtu arbâi Arab land as among the people he defeated at the Battle of Qarqar.
Some of the names given in these texts are Aramaicwhile others are the first attestations of Ancient North Arabian dialects. In fact several different ethnonyms are found in Assyrian texts that are conventionally translated "Arab": Arabi, Arubu, Aribi and Urbi. Many of the Qedarite queens were also described as queens of the aribi. The Hebrew Bible occasionally refers to Aravi peoples or variants thereoftranslated as "Arab" dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd "Arabian. Old Arabic diverges from Central Semitic by the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE.
Medieval Arab genealogists divided Arabs into three groups:. And Ishmael and his sons, and the sons of Keturah and their sons, went together and dwelt from Paran to the entering in of Babylon in all the land towards the East facing the desert.
And these mingled with each other, and their name was called Arabs, and Ishmaelites. Assyrian and Babylonian Royal Inscriptions and North Arabian inscriptions from 9th to 6th century BCE, mention the king of Qedar as king of the Arabs and King of the Ishmaelites.
Jesur was mentioned in Greek inscriptions in the 1st century BCE. Ibn Khaldun 's Muqaddima distinguishes between sedentary Arab Muslims who used to be nomadicand Bedouin nomadic Arabs of the desert. He used the term "formerly nomadic" Arabs and refers to sedentary Muslims by the region or city they lived in, as in Yemenis. Muslims of Medina referred to the nomadic tribes of the deserts as the A'raab, and considered themselves sedentary, but were aware of their close racial bonds.
The term "A'raab" mirrors the term Assyrians used to describe the closely related nomads they defeated dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd Syria.
The Qur'an does not use the word ʿarabonly the nisba adjective ʿarabiy. The Qur'an calls itself ʿarabiy"Arabic", and Mubin"clear". The two qualities are connected for example in Quran"By the clear Book: We have made it an Arabic recitation in order that you may understand".
The Qur'an became regarded as the prime example of the al-ʿarabiyyathe language of the Arabs. The term ʾiʿrāb has the same root and refers to a particularly clear and correct mode of speech. The plural noun ʾaʿrāb refers to the Bedouin tribes of the desert who resisted Muhammad, for example in at-Tawba 97.
al-ʾaʿrābu ʾašaddu kufrān wanifāqān "the Bedouin are the worst in disbelief and hypocrisy". Based on this, in early Islamic terminology, ʿarabiy referred to the language, and ʾaʿrāb to the Arab Bedouins, carrying a negative connotation due to the Qur'anic verdict just cited. But after the Islamic conquest of the eighth century, the language of the nomadic Arabs became regarded as the most pure by the grammarians following Abi Ishaqand the term kalam al-ʿArab"language of the Arabs", denoted the uncontaminated language of the Bedouins.
Proto-Arabic, or Ancient North Arabiantexts give a dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd picture of the Arabs' emergence. The earliest are written in variants of epigraphic south Arabian musnad script, including the 8th dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd BCE Hasaean inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, the 6th century BCE Lihyanite texts of southeastern Saudi Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd Arabian Peninsula and Sinai not in reality connected with Thamud.
The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who moved into territory vacated by the Edomites — Semites who settled the region centuries before them. Their early inscriptions were in Aramaicdissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd, but gradually switched to Arabic, and since they had writing, it was they who made the first inscriptions in Arabic, dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd. The Nabataean alphabet was adopted by Arabs to the south, and evolved into modern Arabic script around the 4th century.
This is attested by Safaitic inscriptions beginning in the 1st century BCE and the many Arabic personal names in Nabataean inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BCE, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw reveal a dialect no longer considered proto-Arabicbut pre-classical Arabic. Five Syriac inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at Sumatar Harabesione of which dates to the 2nd century CE. Arabs arrived in the Palmyra in the late first millennium BCE.
Palmyra prospered as part of the Umayyad Caliphate, and its population grew. The GhassanidsLakhmids and Kindites were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs out of Yemen to the north. The Ghassanids increased the Semitic presence in the then Hellenized Syriathe majority of Semites were Aramaic peoples.
They mainly settled in the Hauran region and spread to modern LebanonPalestine and Jordan. Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Romans called Yemen " Arabia Felix ", dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd.
The Emesene were a Roman client dynasty of Arab priest-kings known to have ruled from Emesa dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd, Syria. Roman empress Julia Domna dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd, matriarch of the Severan dynasty of Roman emperorswas one of their descendants.
The Lakhmids as a dynasty inherited their power from the Tanukhidsthe mid Tigris region around their capital Al-Hira. They ended up allying with the Sassanids against the Ghassanids and the Byzantine Empire. The Lakhmids contested control of the Central Arabian tribes with the Kindites with the Lakhmids eventually destroying Kinda in after the fall of their main ally Himyar.
The Persian Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid dynasty inbeing under puppet kings, then under their direct control. They returned to Yemen and allied themselves with the Himyarites who installed them as a vassal kingdom that ruled Central Arabia from "Qaryah Dhat Kahl" the present-day called Qaryat al-Faw.
After the death of Muhammad inRashidun armies launched campaigns of conquest, establishing the Caliphateor Islamic Empire, one of the largest empires in history. It was larger and lasted longer than the previous Arab empire of Queen Mawia or the Aramean -Arab Palmyrene Empire.
The Rashidun state was a completely new state and unlike the Arab kingdoms of its century such as the HimyariteLakhmids or Ghassanids. Inthe Rashidun Caliphate fell into the hands of the Umayyad dynasty and Damascus was established as the empire's capital. The Umayyads were proud of their Arab identity and sponsored the poetry and culture of pre-Islamic Arabia. They established garrison towns at RamlaRaqqaBasraKufaMosul and Samarraall of which developed into major cities.
Caliph Abd al-Malik established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in However, dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd, the Arabs' higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts and the latter's obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment. Caliph Umar II strove to resolve the conflict when he came to power in He rectified the disparity, demanding that all Muslims be treated as equals, but his intended reforms did not take effect, as he died after only three years of rule.
By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an uprising occurred in which the Abbasids came to power and moved the capital to Baghdad. Umayyads expanded their Empire westwards capturing North Africa from the Dissertation 2020 jelsoft enterprises ltd.
Thesis and Dissertation Format
, time: 24:45Mellophant Forums
Browse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more BHB stands for Bar Hbr Bankshares
No comments:
Post a Comment